{"id":183,"date":"2013-12-23T12:38:39","date_gmt":"2013-12-23T10:38:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/?p=183"},"modified":"2014-04-07T14:46:03","modified_gmt":"2014-04-07T12:46:03","slug":"klarnetin-tarihcesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/klarnetin-tarihcesi\/","title":{"rendered":"Klarnetin Tarih\u00e7esi"},"content":{"rendered":"<table border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; line-height: 2;\">Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da 17.y\u00fczy\u0131lda kullan\u0131lan Chalumeau , klarnetin geli\u015fmemi\u015f ilk \u015fekliydi. Chalumeau s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6keni Frans\u0131zca olup, kam\u0131\u015fl\u0131 nefesli \u00e7alg\u0131lar\u0131n genel ad\u0131d\u0131r. 1700\u2032l\u00fc y\u0131llarda Alman \u00e7alg\u0131 yap\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 J.C.Denner, Chalumeau\u2019yu geli\u015ftirerek klarnetin ilk \u015feklini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Genel olarak Denner\u2019\u0131n Chalumeau\u2019yu geli\u015ftirerek klarneti icat etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir.Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kullan\u0131lan Chalumeau, klarnetin geli\u015fmemi\u015f ilk \u015fekliydi. Chalumeau s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6keni Frans\u0131zca olup, kam\u0131\u015fl\u0131 nefesli \u00e7alg\u0131lar\u0131n genel ad\u0131d\u0131r. 1700\u2032l\u00fc y\u0131llarda Alman \u00e7alg\u0131 yap\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 J.C.Denner, Chalumeau\u2019yu geli\u015ftirerek klarnetin ilk \u015feklini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Genel olarak Denner\u2019\u0131n Chalumeau\u2019yu geli\u015ftirerek klarneti icat etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir.J.C. Denner, klarnetin perdeleri, ses delikleri, a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131k (bek) k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeniliklerde klarnetin ilk kez \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve be\u015finci armoniklerini kullan\u0131labilecek hale getirmi\u015ftir. Klarnet, zaman zaman 18.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda da k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 ses b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri eklenerek kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni belki de geli\u015fimindeki eksikleri idi.<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 184px; text-align: right;\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"><a href=\"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/Clarinet-Swing_s.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-184\" alt=\"Clarinet-Swing_s\" src=\"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/Clarinet-Swing_s.jpg\" width=\"184\" height=\"246\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\" valign=\"top\">1800\u2032l\u00fc y\u0131llarda bir\u00e7ok orkestrada klarnet kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Oda m\u00fczi\u011finde klarnetin yeri, Mozart taraf\u0131ndan peki\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Solo olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131, 1800\u2032lere kadar devam etmi\u015ftir.1800-1840 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131, kon\u00e7erto seslendirenlerin ve mekanik geli\u015fmelerin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llard\u0131. 1812\u2032de Ivan M\u00fcller, Paris Konservatuar\u2019\u0131na yeni tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 klarneti sundu. M\u00fcller\u2019in geli\u015ftirildi\u011fi bu klarnet, 13 tu\u015flu olup, Denner\u2019den bu yana yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en geli\u015fmi\u015f klarnet idi.J.C. Denner, klarnetin perdeleri, ses delikleri, a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131k (bek) k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeniliklerde klarnetin ilk kez \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve be\u015finci armoniklerini kullan\u0131labilecek hale getirmi\u015ftir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\" colspan=\"2\">Klarnet, zaman zaman 18.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda da k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 ses b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri eklenerek kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni belki de geli\u015fimindeki eksikleri idi.Klarnet tarihinde son yenilik\u00e7i ise Hyacinthe Klose\u2019dir. 1839 y\u0131l\u0131nda Boehm sistemini bulmu\u015ftur. Bu sistem, bilinen sistemler aras\u0131nda en geli\u015fmi\u015f olan\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nTheobald Boehm\u2019in fl\u00fct i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bu sistem, \u00f6rnek al\u0131narak klarnette uygulanm\u0131\u015f, Theobald Boehm\u2019den sonra da sistem bu adla an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Boehm, ayr\u0131ca bir dizi y\u00fcz\u00fck \u015feklinde perdeler icat ederek, farkl\u0131 uzakl\u0131ktaki perdelerin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p kapanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak yeni perdeleri ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir. 1840 y\u0131l\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar olan s\u00fcre\u00e7 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki d\u00f6nemlere ayr\u0131labilir;1840-1860 Mekanik geli\u015fme devam etti. Tahta nefesli sazlar, solo eserler ve konser programlar\u0131nda yer almaya ba\u015flad\u0131.1860-1900 solo eserler hemen hemen yok oldu. Klarnet sonatlar\u0131 ve oda eserleri daha \u00e7ok seslendirildi. 1900-1925 bestecilerin artan talepleri do\u011frultusunda teknikte b\u00fcy\u00fck ilerlemeler kaydedildi. 1925\u2032ten bu g\u00fcne \u00fcflemeli saz solistleri, radyo ve kay\u0131t programlar\u0131na yeniden kat\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Klarnette kullan\u0131lan iki \u00e7e\u015fit perde sistemi vard\u0131r. Boehm sistemi klarnet, 1830 y\u0131l\u0131nda Boehm fl\u00fct\u00fcnden geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu sistem olu\u015fturulur iken temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u015fuydu. Perde yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n rahat kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan ziyade, akusti\u011fin olu\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6nemliydi. Eski sistemin ses sorunu ve teknik alandaki yetersizli\u011fi de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclerek, Boehm sistemi klarnet olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Beohm perde sistemi, klarnete tatbik edilmi\u015f en \u00f6nemli perde sistemidir. Bu sistem, klarnet, saksafon, obua\u2019da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Fagot\u2019ta melez olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\" colspan=\"2\">lbert sistemde, \u00e7apraz parmak pozisyonu kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Boehm sisteminde ise parmak kullan\u0131m\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Albert (Auler) sistemi daha \u00e7ok Almanya, T\u00fcrkiye ve Balkanlarda tercih edilen bir sistemdir. Albert perde sisteminin, Boehm sisteminden \u00f6nce yayg\u0131n bir kullan\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131. Albert (Auler) sistemi klarnette, saksafon\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi silindir delikler de vard\u0131r.Baz\u0131 tarihsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler \u015f\u00f6yledir; Klarnetin atas\u0131 chalumeau\u2019dur. \u0130lk ger\u00e7ek kam\u0131\u015fl\u0131 sazd\u0131r. 1600\u2032l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fazla esnek de\u011fildi, sadece 1,5 oktav ses geni\u015fli\u011fine sahip idi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\" colspan=\"2\">Johann Christoph Denner (N\u00fcrnberg) ve o\u011flu Jacob, klarnete daha fazla ses geni\u015fli\u011fi kazand\u0131racak oktav perdesini eklediler. Daha \u00e7ok sesin duyulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan oktav (klarnette 12.perde) perdesiyle klarnet, daha ince seslere \u00e7\u0131kabiliyordu. B\u00f6ylelikle klarnet, di\u011fer tahta nefeslilerden ay\u0131rt edici bir ses rengine sahip oldu. Chalumeau \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan bu de\u011fi\u015fik eklemeler ve ilerlemeler nedeniyle J.C.Denner, klarnetin mucidi diye bilinir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"><a href=\"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/Jazz-Clarinet_s.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-200\" alt=\"Jazz-Clarinet_s\" src=\"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/Jazz-Clarinet_s.jpg\" width=\"225\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/Jazz-Clarinet_s.jpg 225w, http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/Jazz-Clarinet_s-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\" valign=\"top\">Klarnetin yap\u0131s\u0131, di\u011fer tahta nefeslilerden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Klarnet, silindirik bir yap\u0131ya sahip iken, di\u011fer tahta nefesliler konik bir yap\u0131sal \u00f6zellik g\u00f6sterir. 1700\u2032l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, klarnette geli\u015fmeye y\u00f6nelik pek \u00e7ok iyile\u015ftirmeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha fazla delikler eklenmi\u015f ve ses deliklerinin farkl\u0131 kesilme \u015fekilleri denenmi\u015ftir. Ivan M\u00fcller, 13 tu\u015flu bir klarnet modeli geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bu klarnet, 1800\u2032l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n sonuna kadar yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Klose ve Buffet, fl\u00fct parmak sistemini klarnete uygulad\u0131lar.Basset klarnet, (tenor) genellikle FA\u2019 ya uyarlanm\u0131\u015f bir klarnet olup, Mozart\u2019\u0131n kon\u00e7ertosunu ve Quintet\u2019ini besteledi\u011fi klarnet\u2019tir. Arkada\u015f\u0131 Anton Stadler, Baset boru virt\u00fc\u00f6z\u00fc idi. Mozart, bu klarnetin yumu\u015fak ve koyu tonuna hayrand\u0131.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Klarnet i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6nemli eserler;Mozart\u2019\u0131n Kon\u00e7erto ve Quintet\u2019i, Brahams\u2019\u0131n iki sonat\u0131 op.120 ve Quintet\u2019i.Baz\u0131 klarnet icrac\u0131lar\u0131; Anton Stadler (1700\u2032lerin sonu), Richart Muhlfield (1800\u2032lerin ortas\u0131 ve sonu) ve yak\u0131n zamanda da Stanley Drucker (New York Filarmoni \u015eefi), Richard Stotlzman (ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z solist), Larry Combs (Chicago senfoni \u015fefi), James Pyne (Ohio Devlet \u00dcniversitesinde se\u00e7kin bir e\u011fitim bilimci), Anthony Gigliotti (Philedelphia \u015fefi ve Temple \u00dcniversitesinde e\u011fitim bilimci) ve Jon Manessa gen\u00e7 solist, Eastman Fak\u00fcltesinde kay\u0131t sanat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131.Klarnetler, be\u015f par\u00e7an\u0131n birle\u015fmesinden olu\u015fur, bunlar:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bek<\/li>\n<li>F\u0131\u00e7\u0131<\/li>\n<li>\u00dcst G\u00f6vde<\/li>\n<li>Alt G\u00f6vde<\/li>\n<li>Kalak<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>SOL KLARNET<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/klarinet_01.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-189 aligncenter\" alt=\"klarinet_01\" src=\"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/klarinet_01.jpg\" width=\"479\" height=\"82\" srcset=\"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/klarinet_01.jpg 479w, http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/klarinet_01-300x51.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 479px) 100vw, 479px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00dclkemizde ve Balkanlar\u2019da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle T\u00fcrk M\u00fczi\u011fi icra ederken komalar\u0131n seslendirilmesinde esneklik ve kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Sol klarnet kullan\u0131m\u0131 daha \u00e7ok T\u00fcrk M\u00fczi\u011finde yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Bu nedenle Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok yerinde \u201cTurkish Klarnet\u201d ad\u0131yla an\u0131lmakta ve tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da 17.y\u00fczy\u0131lda kullan\u0131lan Chalumeau , klarnetin geli\u015fmemi\u015f ilk \u015fekliydi. Chalumeau s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6keni Frans\u0131zca olup, kam\u0131\u015fl\u0131 nefesli \u00e7alg\u0131lar\u0131n genel ad\u0131d\u0131r. 1700\u2032l\u00fc y\u0131llarda Alman \u00e7alg\u0131 yap\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 J.C.Denner, Chalumeau\u2019yu geli\u015ftirerek klarnetin ilk \u015feklini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Genel olarak Denner\u2019\u0131n Chalumeau\u2019yu geli\u015ftirerek klarneti icat etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir.Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kullan\u0131lan Chalumeau, klarnetin geli\u015fmemi\u015f ilk \u015fekliydi. Chalumeau s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6keni Frans\u0131zca olup, &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/klarnetin-tarihcesi\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Klarnetin Tarih\u00e7esi<\/span> yaz\u0131s\u0131na devam et <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,5],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/183"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=183"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/183\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":216,"href":"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/183\/revisions\/216"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=183"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=183"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/klarnetdersim.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=183"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}